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HTML5的绝活:巧用Canvas制作会动的时钟

这次我们的目标是画一个会和时间同步的时钟,不过没有美学感觉,样子丑的厉害。


HTML5支持canvas了,可以直接在页面上绘图了,看了下canvas和GDI+的接口差不多,所以我们先了解些基本的概念和方式,然后来做一个应用吧。


  我们做所有的画之情需要一个画布,html的canvas标签就是帮我们声明了一个画布。


<canvas id="mycanvas">  
canvas>

       这个默认的画布的大小是300*150,接下来的工作大多就是javaScript来做了。

  首先要实例化这个画布

[javascript] view plaincopy
$(  
function() {  
    var canvas = document.getElementById("mycanvas");  
    $.log(canvas.width);  
    $.log(canvas.height);  
    var context = canvas.getContext("2d");  
    $.log(context.canvas);  
    $.log(context.fillStyle); //要填充的区域的颜色  
    $.log(context.strokeStyle); //要绘制的线条的颜色  
    $.log(context.lineCap); //笔帽样式  
    $.log(context.lineJoin); //两条连续线段的连接样式  
    $.log(context.lineWidth); //线段的宽度  
    $.log(context.miterLimit); //斜联接  
    $.log(context.shadowColor); //阴影的颜色,默认为#000000,  
    $.log(context.shadowOffsetX); //阴影在x方向上的偏移量,默认为0,不受坐标转换的影响。  
    $.log(context.shadowOffsetY); //阴影在y方向上的偏移量,默认为0,不受坐标转换的影响。  
    $.log(context.shadowBlur); //阴影的模糊度,默认为0,负数值将会被忽略  
}  
);

 

  上面的结果你可以得到一个大致的想法,就是content可以认为是我们将来作画用的画笔(估计有专业人士对强烈抗议,我直接忽略),canvas就是我们的画布。我们现在的画笔是2D的画笔,换句话说就是画平面几何的画笔。

  接下来,就是我们利用这个画笔来学习怎么画了

  各种线

[javascript] view plaincopy

  $(

  function() {

  var canvas = document.getElementById("mycanvas");

  var context = canvas.getContext("2d");

  context.strokeStyle = "rgb(255, 0, 0)";

  context.beginPath();

  context.lineCap = "butt"; //默认

  context.lineWidth = 10;

  context.moveTo(10, 10);

  context.lineTo(100, 10); //简单的一条线

  context.stroke(); //该方法真正在画布上绘制该线段

  context.beginPath();

  context.lineCap = "round"; //圆形线头

  context.moveTo(10, 30);

  context.lineTo(100, 30);

  context.stroke(); //该方法真正在画布上绘制该线段

  context.beginPath();

  context.lineCap = "square"; //方形线头

  context.moveTo(10, 50);

  context.lineTo(100, 50);

  context.stroke(); //该方法真正在画布上绘制该线段

  }

  );

 

  各种阴影

 [javascript] view plaincopy

  $(

  function() {

  var canvas = document.getElementById("mycanvas");

  var context = canvas.getContext("2d");

  context.strokeStyle = "rgb(255, 0, 0)";

  context.lineWidth = 10;

  context.shadowColor = "#0000FF";

  context.beginPath();

  context.lineCap = "round";

  context.moveTo(10, 10);

  context.lineTo(100, 10);

  context.shadowOffsetX = 10;

  context.shadowBlur = 10;

  context.stroke();

  context.beginPath();

  context.lineCap = "round";

  context.moveTo(10, 30);

  context.lineTo(100, 30);

  context.shadowOffsetY = 10;

  context.shadowBlur = 10;

  context.stroke();

  }

  );

  各种线∠连接

  [javascript] view plaincopy

  $(

  function() {

  var canvas = document.getElementById("mycanvas");

  var context = canvas.getContext("2d");

  context.strokeStyle = "rgb(255, 0, 0)";

  context.lineWidth = 10;

  context.shadowColor = "#0000FF";

  context.beginPath();

  context.lineJoin = "miter"; //两条线段的外边缘一直扩展到它们相交

  context.moveTo(10, 70);

  context.lineTo(50, 10);

  context.lineTo(80, 70);

  context.stroke();

  context.lineJoin = "bevel"; //以一个斜边进行连接

  context.moveTo(100, 70);

  context.lineTo(140, 10);

  context.lineTo(180, 70);

  context.stroke();

  context.lineJoin = "round"; //:以一个圆弧边进行连接

  context.beginPath();

  context.moveTo(200, 70);

  context.lineTo(240, 10);

  context.lineTo(280, 70);

  context.stroke();

  context.closePath(); //关闭path

  }

  );

  mitre的限定

  [javascript] view plaincopy

  $(

  function() {

  var canvas = document.getElementById("mycanvas");

  var context = canvas.getContext("2d");

  context.strokeStyle = "rgb(255, 0, 0)";

  context.lineWidth = 10;

  context.shadowColor = "#0000FF";

  context.beginPath();

  context.miterLimit = 1; //miterLimit 属性为斜面的长度设置一个上限。

  //只对线条使用设置为 "miter" 的 lineJoin 属性绘制并且两条线段以锐角相交的时候有效

  context.lineJoin = "miter"; //两条线段的外边缘一直扩展到它们相交

  context.moveTo(10, 70);

  context.lineTo(50, 10);

  context.lineTo(80, 70);

  context.stroke();

  }

  );

  各种几何图形

  [javascript] view plaincopy

  $(

  function() {

  var canvas = document.getElementById("mycanvas");

  canvas.height = 500; //改变默认高度

  canvas.width = 500;

  var context = canvas.getContext("2d");

  context.strokeStyle = "rgb(255, 0, 0)";

  context.fillStyle = "#AABBCC";

  context.lineWidth = 2;

  context.shadowColor = "#0000FF";

  //矩形

  context.beginPath();

  context.fillRect(10, 10, 50, 50); //实体矩形:x,y,width,height

  context.strokeRect(70, 10, 50, 50)//空心矩形:x,y,width,height

  //context.move(10,100);

  //圆弧:x, y, radius, startAngle, endAngle, anticlockwise

  context.beginPath();

  context.arc(35, 110, 25, (Math.PI / 180) * 0, (Math.PI / 180) * 360, false);

  context.stroke();

  //context.closePath();

  context.beginPath();

  context.arc(85, 110, 25, (Math.PI / 180) * 0, (Math.PI / 180) * 180, false);

  context.stroke();

  //context.closePath();

  context.beginPath();

  context.arc(135, 110, 25, (Math.PI / 180) * 0, (Math.PI / 180) * 180, true);

  context.stroke();

  //context.closePath();

  context.beginPath();

  context.arc(185, 110, 25, (Math.PI / 180) * 180, (Math.PI / 180) * 360, true);

  context.stroke();

  //context.closePath();

  context.beginPath();

  context.arc(235, 110, 25, (Math.PI / 180) * 90, (Math.PI / 180) * 0, false);

  context.fillStyle = "blue";

  context.fill();

  //context.stroke();

  //context.closePath();

  context.beginPath();

  context.arc(285, 110, 25, (Math.PI / 180) * 180, (Math.PI / 180) * 45, false);

  context.closePath();

  context.stroke();

  context.beginPath();

  context.arc(335, 110, 25, (Math.PI / 180) * 180, (Math.PI / 180) * 45, false);

  context.closePath();

  context.fillStyle = "blue";

  context.fill();

  context.stroke();

  //曲线

  context.beginPath();

  context.moveTo(10, 160); //二次贝塞尔曲线的起始点

  //controlX, controlY, endX, endY

  context.quadraticCurveTo(70, 280, 235, 140);

  context.stroke();

  context.closePath();

  context.beginPath();

  context.moveTo(10, 300); //三次贝塞尔曲线的起始点

  //controlX1, controlY1, controlX2, controlY2, endX, endY

  context.bezierCurveTo(70, 280, 50, 400, 235, 190);

  context.stroke();

  context.closePath();

  }

  );

  各种变换

  记得CSS3中的transform不?canvas肯定也有啊

  平移

  [javascript] view plaincopy

  $(

  function() {

  var canvas = document.getElementById("mycanvas");

  canvas.height = 500; //改变默认高度

  canvas.width = 500;

  var context = canvas.getContext("2d");

  context.strokeStyle = "rgb(255, 0, 0)";

  context.fillStyle = "#AABBCC";

  context.lineWidth = 2;

  context.shadowColor = "#0000FF";

  context.moveTo(10, 10);

  //context.beginPath();

  //context.beginPath();

  context.fillRect(10, 10, 50, 50); //实体矩形:x,y,width,height

  //context.stroke();

  $(canvas).on(

  "click",

  { "context": context },

  function(e) {

  $.log(e.data.context);

  var ctx = e.data.context;

  ctx.translate(10, 10); //再最后的路径点上偏移10*10的位置

  context.fillRect(10, 10, 50, 50);

  context.stroke();

  }

  );

  }

  );

  缩放

  [javascript] view plaincopy

  $(

  function() {

  var canvas = document.getElementById("mycanvas");

  canvas.height = 500; //改变默认高度

  canvas.width = 500;

  var context = canvas.getContext("2d");

  context.strokeStyle = "rgb(255, 0, 0)";

  context.fillStyle = "#AABBCC";

  context.lineWidth = 2;

  context.shadowColor = "#0000FF";

  context.moveTo(10, 10);

  //context.beginPath();

  //context.beginPath();

  context.fillRect(10, 10, 50, 50); //实体矩形:x,y,width,height

  //context.stroke();

  $(canvas).on(

  "click",

  { "context": context },

  function(e) {

  $.log(e.data.context);

  var ctx = e.data.context;

  ctx.scale(1.1, 1.1); //在最后的大小基础上缩放倍数 必须是正数

  context.fillRect(10, 10, 50, 50);

  context.stroke();

  }

  );

  }

  );

 

  旋转

[javascript] view plaincopy

  $(

  function() {

  var canvas = document.getElementById("mycanvas");

  canvas.height = 500; //改变默认高度

  canvas.width = 500;

  var context = canvas.getContext("2d");

  context.strokeStyle = "rgb(255, 0, 0)";

  context.fillStyle = "#AABBCC";

  context.lineWidth = 2;

  context.shadowColor = "#0000FF";

  context.moveTo(10, 10);

  //context.beginPath();

  //context.beginPath();

  context.fillRect(10, 10, 50, 50); //实体矩形:x,y,width,height

  //context.stroke();

  $(canvas).on(

  "click",

  { "context": context },

  function(e) {

  $.log(e.data.context);

  var ctx = e.data.context;

  ctx.rotate((Math.PI / 180) * 10); //旋转的角度,旋转的中心是canvas坐标原点

  context.fillRect(10, 10, 50, 50);

  context.stroke();

  }

  );

  }

  );

 

 


 transform,transform的参数比较多,也比较难理解,简单的说transform是最自由的变形方式,下面给出些参考  

[javascript] view plaincopy

  //以下两段代码结果一致

  context.transform(1, 0, 0, 1, 10, 10)

  context.translate(10, 10);

  //以下两段代码结果一致

  context.transform(10, 0, 0, 10, 0, 0);

  context.scale(10, 10);

  //以下三段代码结果一致

  context.transform(Math.cos((Math.PI / 180) * 10), Math.sin((Math.PI / 180) * 10), -Math.sin((Math.PI / 180) * 10), Math.cos((Math.PI / 180)) * 10, 0, 0);

  context.transform(-Math.sin((Math.PI/180)*10),Math.cos((Math.PI/180)*10),Math.cos((Math.PI/180)*10),Math.sin((Math.PI/180)*10), 0,0);

  context.rotate(10);

 

  组合

 [javascript] view plaincopy

  $(

  function() {

  var canvas = document.getElementById("mycanvas");

  canvas.height = 100;

  canvas.width = 100;

  var context = canvas.getContext("2d");

  context.fillStyle = "#AABBCC";

  context.fillRect(10, 10, 50, 50);

  //默认 新图形会覆盖在原有内容之上

  context.globalCompositeOperation = "source-over";

  context.fillStyle = "blue";

  context.arc(70, 30, 25, (Math.PI / 180) * 0, (Math.PI / 180) * 360, false);

  context.fill();

  $("span").html(context.globalCompositeOperation);

  $(canvas).toggle(

  function() {

  canvas.width = 100;

  // 原有内容之下绘制新图形

  context.clearRect(0, 0, 500, 500);

  context.beginPath();

  context = canvas.getContext("2d");

  context.fillStyle = "#AABBCC";

  context.fillRect(10, 10, 50, 50);

  context.globalCompositeOperation = "destination-over";

  context.fillStyle = "blue";

  context.arc(70, 30, 25, (Math.PI / 180) * 0, (Math.PI / 180) * 360, false);

  context.fill();

  $("span").html(context.globalCompositeOperation);

  },

  function() {

  canvas.width = 100;

  //新图形会仅仅出现与原有内容重叠的部分。其它区域都变成透明的

  context.clearRect(0, 0, 500, 500);

  context.beginPath();

  context.fillStyle = "#AABBCC";

  context.fillRect(10, 10, 50, 50);

  context.globalCompositeOperation = "source-in";

  context.fillStyle = "blue";

  context.arc(70, 30, 25, (Math.PI / 180) * 0, (Math.PI / 180) * 360, false);

  context.fill();

  $("span").html(context.globalCompositeOperation);

  },

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